Directions: In order to help students prepare for the final exam, several guiding questions were created to cover the main learning objectives for each topic. Complete the questions for CW credit and after completing each topic set of questions, a short exam will be given for that section only. Be sure to have all confusion cleared before taking the test. The test scores will be recorded as an assessment grade.
Reproduction
1. Be able to draw and label a diagram of the male and female reproductive system. Give the function of each of the following: epididymis, scrotum, testis, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, urethra, penis, ovaries, oviducts, uterus, endometrium, vagina, & cervix (14pts)
2. How is gender determined in humans? (1pt)
3. Give the name of the male and female reproductive hormones that are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristic. Give 2 examples each of male and female secondary sexual characteristics. (7pts)
4. The hypothalamus plays a role in both males and females. Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus and what effect does it have in males and females? (3pts)
5. What is the purpose of the menstrual cycle in females? (1 pt)
6. Describe the effects of FSH and LH in males and females. (4pts)
7. What is the effect of oestrogen in females? (1pt)
8. What is a Graffian follicle? (1pt)
9. What name is given to the structure formed in the ovary after ovulation? What is its function? (2pts)
10. Spermatogenesis involves meiosis and meiosis is referred to as the reduction division. Explain why? (1pt)
11. Where does spermatogenesis occur? (1pt)
12. Explain the difference between spermatogonia and spermatozoa. (1pt)
13. After spermatogenesis, a single spermatogoinum gives rise to how many spermatozoa?
14. You should be able to draw and label a diagram of a cross-section of the seminiferous tubules. Give the function of each: Sertoli cells & germinal epithelium (2pts)
15. After oogenesis, a single oogonium gives rise to how many cells? How are these cells different from spermatogonia? (2pts)
16. During oogenesis, the secondary oocyte remains in meiosis I. when does it complete its meiotic division (i.e. meiosis II)
17. You should be able to draw and label a diagram of a mature sperm cell. Give the functions for each: acrosome, haploid nucleus, mid-piece mitochondrion, flagellum (4pts)
18. Identify each of the following as either haploid or diploid: (a). a spermatogonium located in the outer perimeter of the seminiferous tubule. (B). a secondary spermatocytes located in a seminiferous tubule (c). an oogonium located in a foetal ovary of an unborn girl (d). a primary oocytes located in the ovary of a newborn girl (e). a secondary oocyte soon after ovulation (f). a recently fertilized zygote (6pts)
19. Where does fertilization take place? (1pt)
20. During fertilization, the cortical reaction prevents further sperms from entering the egg. Describe what happens during the cortical reaction (2pts)
21. What is implantation and where does it occur? (2pts)
22. What are blastocysts?
23. What is a placenta? Describe its formation and function. (3pts)
24. Describe the flow of blood in the umbilical cord and how exchange of materials occur between mother and foetus (3pts)
25. HCG is a hormone produced during early pregnancy. Which structure produces it
26. The placenta is considered to be an endocrine gland. Which hormone does it produce and what is the target? (2pts)
27. Describe the sequence of events that take place during birth and name the hormones associated with birth. (3pts)
Muscle and movement (chapter11.2)
1. Explain the difference between exoskeleton and an endoskeleton. (2pts)
2. What are the 3 main functions of the human skeleton? (3 pts)
3. Muscles work in antagonistic pairs. What does this mean? Use movement at the elbow to illustrate this. (2pts)
4. What is a synovial joint? Give an example. (2pts)
5. Be able to draw and label a diagram of the elbow joint. Give the functions of each of the following structures of an elbow joint: cartilage, synovial membrane, ligaments, tendons, biceps, triceps, humerus, ulna, radius (9pts)
6. Show the relationship between myofibril, muscle fiber, muscle, & sarcomere (1pts)
7. What name is given to the contractile units of a myofibril? (1pt)
8. Describe the structure of a sarcomere.(3pts)
9. Describe and explain how a sarcomere brings about contraction. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction; include the role of Ca2+, tropomyosin and troponin (5pts)
Plant biology
1. Show how transpiration works.
2. How do factors such as wind speed, temperature, humidity affect transpiration rate?
3. Explain the properties of water use to create the transpiration stream.
4. How is xylem tissue different from phloem tissue? How are their functions different?
5. Describe how active uptake of minerals by roots cause absorption of water.
6. Describe and explain how plants transport sugars from source to sink.
7. What are meristems and part do they play in the growth of plants?
8. What are tropisms? Give examples
9. Describe the structure and functions of the flower.
10. Describe and explain pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal in (a) flowering (b) non-flowering plants
11. Draw and label parts of a dicot seed.
12. Describe the process of seed germination.
Which option will you complete on paper 3 of the final exam?
GRADING POLICY
OVERVIEW: The goal of the grading and reporting is to provide students with feedback that reflects their progress toward the mastery of the indicators and objectives found in the international Baccalaureate Curriculum.
- Tests and quizzes 50%
- Class work 30%
- Homework 20%
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New
Syllabus: Prescribed Labs
Subtopic
1.1: [Prescribed Lab #1] (p. 30 in guide)
Skill: Use of a light
microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of
of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings
and the actual size of structures
and ultrastructures shown in drawings
or micrographs.
Subtopic
1.4: [Prescribed Lab #2] (p. 33 in guide)
Skill: Estimation of
osmolarity in tissues by bathing samples I hypotonic and hypertonic
solutions.
Subtopic
2.5: [Prescribed Lab #3] (p. 42 in guide)
Skill: Experimental
investigation of a factor affecting enzyme activity.
Subtopic
2.9: [Prescribed Lab #4] (p. 47 in guide)
Skill: Separation of
photosynthetic pigments by chromatograph.
Subtopic
4.1: [Prescribed Lab #5] (p. 60 in guide)
Skill: Setting up
sealed mesocosms to try to establish sustainability.
Subtopic
6.4: [Prescribed Lab #6] (p. 78 in guide)
Skill: Monitoring of
ventilation in humans at rest and after mild and vigorous exercise.
Subtopic
9.1: [Prescribed Lab #7] (p. 92 in guide)
Skill: Measurement of
transpiration rates using potometers.
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IT'S IA TIME AGAIN
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Internal Assessment
Directions for a Written Report
Heckman - IB Biology
Purpose: In IB Biology, 24% of the final score you receive is awarded based on your Internal Assessments. There will be eight official Internal Assessment scores during the course of the two year Biology class – I will be sending your top two scores in each criteria to the IBO in early April of your senior year. During any Internal Assessment, you will fiddle with the information given to you and determine a unique question worth investigating. Then, you will develop a hypothesis that you will test. During the process, you may adjust your ideas until you eventually collect data that will answer either your original question or a modification of it. During your procedure, you will choose a variable and watch for responses to it. You will decide what other factors might detract from the meaning of your collected data. You will control these detractors. While collecting numeric data, you will be expected to transform this data to search for more meaning. Then, conclusions will be drawn and evaluation of the quality of both the data, the materials and the procedure of the experiment will be evaluated. The report of the process must now be presented in a formal way.
Before you begin writing, do the following things:
1. Get the notes that you took in this class
2. Get notes you took as you planned and performed the experiment
3. Read through this page and talk with your partners about what you think needs to be included in each section of the report. Make notes if you want to do so. Once you begin writing, the work should be your own individual best effort.
4. No sharing of data tables or graphs is permitted unless stated otherwise. Data presentation is an individual score and interpretation of data will vary from student
to student.
Elements of the formal report
(Whenever you are writing a formal lab report for an Internal Assessment, this format is your default format. Sometimes there will be additional expectations that attend an individual assignment.)
This report is to be written in sections as indicated below using the language forms indicated. It is suggested that you boldface the words you see in boldface below on your formal report to help you keep track of the information you’re presenting.
The five assessment criteria are :
personal engagement, exploration, analysis, evaluation and communication. Each of these headings can be broken down into sub-headings
Personal engagement
This criterion assesses the extent to which the student engages with the exploration and makes it their own. Personal engagement may be recognized in different attributes and skills. These could include addressing personal interests or showing evidence of independent thinking, creativity or initiative in the designing, implementation or presentation of the investigation.
Exploration
This criterion assesses the extent to which the student :
1. Establishes the scientific context for the work, statesa clear and focused research question and uses concepts and techniques appropriate to the Diploma Programme level. (Question - Write your question in its final form. Use the interrogative form.)
2. Where appropriate, this criterion also assesses awareness of safety, environmental, and ethical considerations.
3. Present background information relative to the research question that assist with the understanding of the concepts related to the research question.
4. List all variables connected with your investigation, stating how each will be controlled.
5. The methodology (materials and procedures) of the investigation is highly appropriate to address the research question because it takes into consideration all, or nearly all, of the significant factors that may influence the relevance, reliability and sufficiency of the collected data. (Uncertainty measures)
Analysis
This criterion assesses the extent to which the student’s report provides evidence that the student has selected, recorded, processed and interpreted the data in ways that are relevant to the research question and can support a conclusion.
The report includes sufficient relevant quantitative and qualitative raw data that could support a detailed and valid conclusion to the research question. Appropriate and sufficient data processing is carried out with the accuracy required to enable a conclusion to the research question to be drawn that is fully consistent with the experimental data.
The report shows evidence of full and appropriate consideration of the impact of measurement uncertainty on the analysis.The processed data is correctly interpreted so that a completely valid and detailed conclusion to the research question can be deduced.
Evaluation
This criterion assesses the extent to which the student’s report provides evidence of evaluation of the investigation and the results with regard to the research question and the accepted scientific context.
A detailed conclusion is described and justified which is entirely relevant to the research question and fully supported by the data presented. A conclusion is correctly described and justified through relevant comparison to the accepted scientific context.Strengths and weaknesses of the investigation, such as limitations of the data and sources of error, are discussed and provide evidence of a clear understanding of the methodologicalissues involved in establishing the conclusion.The student has discussed realistic and relevant suggestions for the improvement and extension of the investigation.
Communication
This criterion assesses whether the investigation is presented and reported in a way that supports effective communication of the focus, process and outcomes.
The presentation of the investigation is clear. Any errors do not hamper understanding of the focus, process and outcomes.The report is well structured and clear: the necessary information on focus, process and outcomes is present and presented in a coherent way.The report is relevant and concise thereby facilitating a ready understanding of the focus, process and outcomes of the investigation.The use of subject-specific terminology and conventions is appropriate and correct. Any errors do not hamper understanding.
Additional information
Hypothesis - Explain how what you knew led you to your experimental design. Explain your assumptions and reasoning but not the details of your steps. Specifically describe the factors that are to be controlled. Describe what you will watch, measure and use as your criterion. If there was a shift of questions discussed above, your hypothesis is to speak to the hypothesis that goes with your final question. Conclude your discussion of the hypothesis with a conditional statement of your working hypothesis
Materials and Procedures - List and number the materials (not in sentence format). Describe the steps that you took as a set of numbered statements. Explain adjustments that you made and the conditions that prompted these adjustments. Make your description sufficiently clear that I could repeat your experiment and get the same results that you got. The best advice I can offer here is to write the procedure in terms such that an 8th grader could perform them and get the same results as you. Be certain to include quantities, dimensions, and other measurements that would be helpful to a person trying to repeat your results. Procedural steps should be numbered and use of an economy of words.
Specifically describe the factors that need to be controlled including how control was achieved. What factors did you monitor? If this is well covered in your hypothesis or background, do not repeat yourself.
Draw a diagram of the experimental plan – or include a digital picture of the set up and refer to the diagram in your description.
Results - Express the raw data by using a data chart. Be careful to report only what was observed, expressing the observation in measurable terms. Show the transformations of this raw data that you used to bring meaning to your observations. To assist you in your interpretation, you may want to process your data by finding averages, ranges or medians or modes to see if any patterns pop out. The data always needs to be manipulated into the form of a graph. Error bars should be included in the graphs where appropriate. Diagrams may be used, digital pictures are preferred to sketches, however. Calculations and other transformations should be placed in your paper in an easy to follow manner according to the style requirements of the transformations you have chosen.
Conclusions - Discuss how your results answer the question in terms of your hypothesis. Discuss sources of error and the limitations of your conclusions. Resolve any alterations in the question or hypothesis sections. In this section, you are evaluating your data and its interpretation. Write this section in paragraph form.
Evaluation - Review and evaluate the procedures and materials you used. Explain how the procedure was successful as well as how the procedures may have led to error. Suggest modifications to the design of the procedure that would have led to more reliable results and greater validity of conclusions. You should include comparisons to published data on similar research. Write this section in paragraph form
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